BIOGAS PROJECT PICTURES

DISCOVER THE PUMPING POWER IN YOU KIDS

1. Put up a swing which I am pretty sure your children would like to play on

2. Link the swing to a linkage which is connected to a mechanical water pump

3. You will be surprised how much water they will pump into the tank in a day. invest in a children swing and save your electricity bills for water pumping if you were considering an electric pump unless otherwise.

I would regard this as a good symbiosis otherwise if you keep on sending the kids for a pail of water, one day they or someone else would consider it as child labour. Provide them with entertainment and let them pump...an elder can also swing and pump; may be when you are making fun of yourself as a couple.

TIPS THAT ASSIST REDUCE CARBON FOOT PRINTS AND OTHER GENERAL BEHAVIOUR TIPS

ENERGY TIPS

• Switch ON lights only when it is necessary e.g. remember to switch off lights when leaving the toilet
• Switch OFF a hot plate as soon as the water boils---the additional heat does not add to any temperature rise of your water but rather boiling off your water
• Always move with a torch light. It is important in case your electricity goes off
• Switch OFF your computer if you will be away for more than ten minutes
• Make sure you use much of natural light…keeping windows/curtains open may prevent you from using electricity lighting during the day…building designs should also take this into consideration

BEHAVIOUR TIPS

• Remember to carry a tissue with you when travelling
• Avoid holding somebody on a phone for so long
• If you are on a long call, hold on for some time, serve your visitor or a friend on your desk and carry on with the phone call
• Print on both sides of paper unless otherwise specified
• Avoid chewing anything you see boring to you e.g. papers
• Avoid sticking a chewed bubblegum besides your working desk
• Do not carry your cell phone in your trousers-rear pocket , neither should you carry it in your shirt upper pocket; chances are high that you will break it when sitting or lose it when bending/bowing
• Using an elevator rather than the stairs-case is another security tip—robbers may sometimes hide behind the stair cases
• A bottle of water when travelling may assist you
• Do not turn your radio to full volume, you can not hear some strange sounds within your vicinity…it is for your security
• Do not drink hot tea/coffee from a metal cup neither should you carry hot food in a metal plate—you will be burnt
• A set of a small knife with a bottle opener may be necessary in your pocket. Do not use teeth to open a bottle
• Remember to save at least one number in your cell phone as “in case of emergency (IoE). This gives your rescuers in an emergence which number they should call.
• Avoid going to bed without any airtime in your cell phone—this is an important tip for risk and disaster preparedness, the same applies to fuel in your vehicle—an mount of money for a taxi from your home to a hospital or nearest bank can also assist you
• Do not switch OFF your cell phone at night---your services may be important to someone’s life even at night
• A child in the hands of a mother or any person when travelling in a vehicle is not safe. Kids need a comfortable sit with a seat belt fastened and child locked-doors. Stop your kids from protruding their heads or hands in vehicle windows

WATER TIPS

• 
  Use a pail when washing your vehicle and not a horse pipe…you can reduce your water bills. The same applies to washing your clothes and kitchen utensils
• People who wash using a bath tab use more water than people who use a shower. But remember to turn on the shower only when it is necessary
• Rather use a cup when brushing your teeth than a running tap.
• Do not just throw anything that bores you in a toilet….consider the amount of water you use to flash that simple thing….it is an expensive way
• Do not just throw way your washing water away, it may be useful for flashing your toilets in case your water supply is off
• Try to collect rain water from your roof using your pails. This can serve a purpose or two and reduce your water bills
  

ENVIRONMENTAL TIPS

• Two bins dust bins, one for plastics and another one for biodegradable materials, may be important for an organisation
• If you have a tendency of throwing bottles out a vehicle when travelling, better throw your bottle near to a dwelling place….some people may find this useful say for buying paraffin and this is simple recycling
• Do not just throw litter any where, a small plastic bag can save you up to the next bin point
• Take off the label of any plastic bottle you want to throw away…vendors like thrown labelled bottles for fake products.
• Wrap a chewed bubblegum in a small paper before throwing it way---you save some people from being stack with it
• Do not urinate on walls…use public paying toilets nearest to you
• Know your digestive system well, this will assist you in planning what type of food you should take when going for long journeys in public transport….avoid taking too much of liquid foods during long journeys.
  
  

ENERGY POVERTY IS NOT JUST A KITCHEN PROBLEM

To think that energy poverty just ends in the kitchen, is a mistake; Energy poverty can be one of the causes of marriage breakdowns, violence agaisnst women , spread of HIV and increased number of orphans.

MARRIAGE BREAK DOWN

In an african culture, it is usually women who do the cooking and every man expects well cooked food from his wife. Not well cooked food prepared by a wife may result in family squables which may translate into breakup. But the cuase of the uncooked food may not be that the wife is not a good a cook but becuase sha had no enough firewood.

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

Just like illustrated above, some husbands can bit thier wives becuase of not well preapred meals yet the reason is lack of firewood.

Another case is where women go to distant forests to fetch firewood, some forest guards can entice the women to exchange sexual services for firewood.

SPREAD OF HIV AND INCREASED NUMBER OF ORPHANS

marriage breakdown as already illustrated can lead to the spread of HIV in a case where one remarries without knowing his/her sero-status.

The incidents where women can be raped in forests while fetching firewood or cases where women are enticed to exchange sexual services for firewood; all these can lead to the spread of HIV which may agin result in an increased number of orphans.

WAY FORWARD

We need to think seriously about the issue of energy poverty. Deforestation issue is beyond climate change...even before climate change is immense, lives may have already been claimed.

FUNDAMENTALS OF SOLAR ENERGY

THE SUN

• The source of solar energy
• Our nearest star
• Produces 3.8 x 1023 kW of power through
nuclear fusion reactions.
• Most of the energy we use derives from
the sun e.g. wind, hydro, wood, petroleum

USES OF SOLAR ENERGY
• Heating
• Drying
• Cooking
• Distilling
• Producing steam
• Generating electricity

CONVERSION OF SOLAR
ENERGY
• Solar » Chemical
This is done in plants through a process
called photosynthesis.
• Solar » Heat
This is done in heating devices such as
solar heaters and crop driers.
• Solar » Electricity
This is done by solar cells which convert solar light
energy into DC electricity.

SOLAR RADIATION PRINCIPLES
• Not all the solar energy reaches the earth
• Part of the sun’s energy is lost in the
atmosphere through reflection, refraction and
absorption.
• Solar energy varies over the day, month and
year.
• Solar energy is maximum at noon over a day
and in summer over a year.
• Areas between tropical of Cancer and Capricorn
receive more solar energy than areas outside
the tropics.

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
• The angle at which the sun rays hits a surface have an
effect on the amount of energy reaching the surface.
• The closer the incident angle to 90 degrees the higher
the amount of energy received by surface. Solar devices
have a specific orientation and angle of installation to
make sure the devices capture as much energy as
possible.
NOTE: All panels in the south of the equator are supposed
to face north and those in the north of equator are
supposed to face south. The tilt angle depends on
latitude of specific site where the installation is taking
place.

SUN PEAK HOURS
• The number of hours of effective sunlight in a day is very
important. We can have 6 hours of effective sunlight
during some days of the year and 4 hours of sunlight
during some days of the year.
• Solar equipment converts energy only when the sun is
available.
• It is important that solar energy systems are designed to
work effectively even when sun peak hours are less. For
example, a solar PV system should be sized such that it
can provide enough power in October as well as in
June.
• It is always wise to verify with meteorological data on
sun peak hours for reliable solar PV systems

INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

PHOTOVOLTAICS

The generation of electricity from
light. When the source of light is
the sun; it is called solar
photovoltaics

USES OF SOLAR
ELECTRICITY

Solar electricity can be used in so
many applications. Depending on
the system size the application
can range from small home
systems to powering large
industries.

HOUSEHOLD SYSTEM AND
APPLIANCES

Solar electricity can be used to power lights,
radios, televisions, cassette players, and
other appliances.
The application of solar electricity to such
uses is called Solar Home Systems

INDUSTRIES AND INSTITUTIONS

- businesses, schools, health centers, hospitals
and manufacturing industries can use solar
electricity to power:
• Manufacturing machines
• Typewriters
• Sewing machines
• Computers
• Security systems

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

• Telecommunication radios
• Repeaters
• Weather monitoring equipment

HEALTH CENTRE VACCINE
REFRIGERATION AND LIGHTING

• Freezing ice packs
• Blood plasma

WATER PUMPING

• Solar electricity can be used to power
electrical pumps to pump water from wells
or boreholes.

WATER PURIFICATION

• Solar energy can be used to purify water
for drinking

OTHER USES
• Electric fences
• Street lighting
• Railway and marine signal lighting
• Road sign illumination

ADVANTAGES SOLAR
ELECRTICITY

• Energy from sun is freely available for
conversion into electricity and is never used up.
• Energy production is produced quietly, unlike
generators and without pollutants
• Solar generators ( modules) require little
maintenance.
• It is economical for many small applications.
• Fire risks are reduced in solar lighting systems
than in kerosene lighting systems
• Solar electricity can easily be designed to meet
the energy needs of an individual

COMPONENTS OF SOLAR
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

• PV MODULE
This converts solar light energy directly into
DC ( Direct Current) electricity.

• STORAGE BATTERY

This stores electrical energy generated when
it is sunny to be used when the sun is not
available e.g. at night

• CHARGE CONTROLLER
This is the connection point of all components.
The PV module, battery, load are all connected to Charge
Controller.
The Charge controller protects the battery from over-discharge and undercharge

INVERTER
• This converts DC electricity into AC
( Alternating Current) incase we have loads
that need AC power.

CABLES, CONDUITS, SWITCHES,
LOADS
• Cables are the wires for connecting the
components together.
• Conduits are the pipes through which the
wires pass.
• Switches are controlling gadgets; either for
switching ON or OFF loads
• Loads include electrical bulbs, radios,
television etc.

PROTECTION

• This protects system components and /or
users of the system.
• This may include fuses, breakers, lightning
conductors, etc.

THE BEAUTY OF MALAWI

This is the beauty you can enjoy as you go round Malawi doing your research.